DEFUN-SK-EXAMPLE

a simple example using defun-sk
Major Section:  DEFUN-SK

The following example illustrates how to do proofs about functions defined with defun-sk. The events below can be put into a certifiable book (see books). The example is contrived and rather silly, in that it shows how to prove that a quantified notion implies itself, where the antecedent and conclusion are defined with different defun-sk events. But it illustrates the formulas that are generated by defun-sk, and how to use them. Thanks to Julien Schmaltz for presenting this example as a challenge.

(in-package "ACL2")

(encapsulate (((p *) => *) ((expr *) => *))

(local (defun p (x) x)) (local (defun expr (x) x)))

(defun-sk forall-expr1 (x) (forall (y) (implies (p x) (expr y))))

(defun-sk forall-expr2 (x) (forall (y) (implies (p x) (expr y)))))

; We want to prove the theorem my-theorem below. What axioms are there that ; can help us? If you submit the command

; :pcb! forall-expr1

; then you will see the following two key events. (They are completely ; analogous of course for FORALL-EXPR2.)

#| (DEFUN FORALL-EXPR1 (X) (LET ((Y (FORALL-EXPR1-WITNESS X))) (IMPLIES (P X) (EXPR Y))))

(DEFTHM FORALL-EXPR1-NECC (IMPLIES (NOT (IMPLIES (P X) (EXPR Y))) (NOT (FORALL-EXPR1 X))) :HINTS (("Goal" :USE FORALL-EXPR1-WITNESS))) |#

; We see that the latter has value when FORALL-EXPR1 occurs negated in a ; conclusion, or (therefore) positively in a hypothesis. A good rule to ; remember is that the former has value in the opposite circumstance: negated ; in a hypothesis or positively in a conclusion.

; In our theorem, FORALL-EXPR2 occurs positively in the conclusion, so its ; definition should be of use. We therefore leave its definition enabled, ; and disable the definition of FORALL-EXPR1.

#| (thm (implies (and (p x) (forall-expr1 x)) (forall-expr2 x)) :hints (("Goal" :in-theory (disable forall-expr1))))

; which yields this unproved subgoal:

(IMPLIES (AND (P X) (FORALL-EXPR1 X)) (EXPR (FORALL-EXPR2-WITNESS X))) |#

; Now we can see how to use FORALL-EXPR1-NECC to complete the proof, by ; binding y to (FORALL-EXPR2-WITNESS X).

; We use defthmd below so that the following doesn't interfere with the ; second proof, in my-theorem-again that follows. (defthmd my-theorem (implies (and (p x) (forall-expr1 x)) (forall-expr2 x)) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance forall-expr1-necc (x x) (y (forall-expr2-witness x)))))))

; The following illustrates a more advanced technique to consider in such ; cases. If we disable forall-expr1, then we can similarly succeed by having ; FORALL-EXPR1-NECC applied as a :rewrite rule, with an appropriate hint in how ; to instantiate its free variable. See :doc hints.

(defthm my-theorem-again (implies (and (P x) (forall-expr1 x)) (forall-expr2 x)) :hints (("Goal" :in-theory (disable forall-expr1) :restrict ((forall-expr1-necc ((y (forall-expr2-witness x))))))))